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  文件下载的三种方式
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  <time datetime="2021-09-23T14:29:09.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">2021-09-23</time>
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  <p>文件上传下载是项目中经常遇到的常规功能，本文针对下载功能总结了一共三种使用方式。</p>
<h5 id="一-无-API-浏览器直接下载（静态资源在前端）"><a href="#一-无-API-浏览器直接下载（静态资源在前端）" class="headerlink" title="一.无 API 浏览器直接下载（静态资源在前端）"></a>一.无 API 浏览器直接下载（静态资源在前端）</h5><p>将静态资源文件直接放于<code> public</code> 目录下，打包时 <code>public</code> 文件不会被编译。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>注意：静态资源的路径，在 public 文件夹下路径是<code>/文件名</code></p>
</blockquote>
<figure class="highlight html"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">&quot;download-file&quot;</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">&quot;/file.xlsx&quot;</span> <span class="attr">download</span>=<span class="string">&quot;模板.xlsx&quot;</span>&gt;</span>下载模板文件<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">a</span>&gt;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>或者使用非 a 标签的按钮下载：</p>
<span id="more"></span>

<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">@param &#123;string&#125; url  静态资源url</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">@param &#123;string&#125; filename  静态资源文件名(可选)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">@param &#123;string&#125; target  </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">*/</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">export</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> fileUrlHandled = <span class="function">(<span class="params">&#123; url, filename, target &#125;</span>) =&gt;</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">const</span> downloadElement = <span class="built_in">document</span>.createElement(<span class="string">&#x27;a&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line">  downloadElement.style.display = <span class="string">&#x27;none&#x27;</span></span><br><span class="line">  downloadElement.href = url</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">if</span> (target) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    downloadElement.target = <span class="string">&#x27;_blank&#x27;</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">  downloadElement.rel = <span class="string">&#x27;noopener noreferrer&#x27;</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">if</span> (filename) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    downloadElement.download = filename</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="built_in">document</span>.body.appendChild(downloadElement)</span><br><span class="line">  downloadElement.click()</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="built_in">document</span>.body.removeChild(downloadElement)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>缺点：文件名不可控。</p>
<h5 id="二-后端-API-返回静态资源下载-url"><a href="#二-后端-API-返回静态资源下载-url" class="headerlink" title="二.后端 API 返回静态资源下载 url"></a>二.后端 API 返回静态资源下载 url</h5><p>原理：使用 ajax 下载</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * 获取 blob</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * <span class="doctag">@param  <span class="type">&#123;String&#125;</span> </span>url 目标文件地址</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * <span class="doctag">@return <span class="type">&#123;Promise&#125;</span></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">getBlob</span>(<span class="params">url</span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="built_in">Promise</span>(<span class="function">(<span class="params">resolve</span>) =&gt;</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">const</span> xhr = <span class="keyword">new</span> XMLHttpRequest()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    xhr.open(<span class="string">&#x27;GET&#x27;</span>, url, <span class="literal">true</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    xhr.responseType = <span class="string">&#x27;blob&#x27;</span></span><br><span class="line">    xhr.onload = <span class="function">() =&gt;</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="keyword">if</span> (xhr.status === <span class="number">200</span>) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        resolve(xhr.response)</span><br><span class="line">      &#125; <span class="keyword">else</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        Message.error(xhr.statusText || <span class="string">&#x27;文件获取失败&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line">      &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    xhr.send()</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * 保存</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * <span class="doctag">@param  <span class="type">&#123;Blob&#125;</span> <span class="variable">blob</span></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * <span class="doctag">@param  <span class="type">&#123;String&#125;</span> </span>filename 想要保存的文件名称</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">saveAs</span>(<span class="params">blob, filename</span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">if</span> (<span class="built_in">window</span>.navigator.msSaveOrOpenBlob) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    navigator.msSaveBlob(blob, filename)</span><br><span class="line">  &#125; <span class="keyword">else</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">const</span> link = <span class="built_in">document</span>.createElement(<span class="string">&#x27;a&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">const</span> body = <span class="built_in">document</span>.querySelector(<span class="string">&#x27;body&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    link.href = <span class="built_in">window</span>.URL.createObjectURL(blob)</span><br><span class="line">    link.download = filename</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// fix Firefox</span></span><br><span class="line">    link.style.display = <span class="string">&#x27;none&#x27;</span></span><br><span class="line">    body.appendChild(link)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    link.click()</span><br><span class="line">    body.removeChild(link)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">window</span>.URL.revokeObjectURL(link.href)</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * 下载</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * <span class="doctag">@param  <span class="type">&#123;String&#125;</span> </span>url 目标文件地址</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * <span class="doctag">@param  <span class="type">&#123;String&#125;</span> </span>filename 想要保存的文件名称</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">export</span> <span class="keyword">default</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">download</span>(<span class="params">url, filename</span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  getBlob(url).then(<span class="function">(<span class="params">blob</span>) =&gt;</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    saveAs(blob, filename)</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<blockquote>
<p>缺点：存在跨域问题。<br>优点：文件名可控。</p>
</blockquote>
<h5 id="三-后端-API-返回文件流"><a href="#三-后端-API-返回文件流" class="headerlink" title="三.后端 API 返回文件流"></a>三.后端 API 返回文件流</h5><figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 二次封装axios POST请求方法下载</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">export</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">AppDownload</span>(<span class="params">url, data, baseURL</span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="built_in">Promise</span>(<span class="function">(<span class="params">resolve, reject</span>) =&gt;</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    instance</span><br><span class="line">      .post(url, data, &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        baseURL,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">responseType</span>: <span class="string">&#x27;blob&#x27;</span></span><br><span class="line">      &#125;)</span><br><span class="line">      .then(<span class="function">(<span class="params">res</span>) =&gt;</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> (res &amp;&amp; res.status !== <span class="number">200</span>) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="comment">// reject(new Error(`下载失败`))</span></span><br><span class="line">        &#125; <span class="keyword">else</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="keyword">let</span> reader = <span class="keyword">new</span> FileReader()</span><br><span class="line">          reader.onload = <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">event</span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">let</span> content = reader.result <span class="comment">// 内容就在这里</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">if</span> (<span class="regexp">/&quot;ok&quot;:false/</span>.test(content)) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">              <span class="keyword">let</span> response = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="attr">data</span>: <span class="built_in">JSON</span>.parse(content)</span><br><span class="line">              &#125;</span><br><span class="line">              responseFn(&#123; ...&#123; <span class="attr">res</span>: response &#125;, resolve, reject &#125;)</span><br><span class="line">              <span class="keyword">return</span></span><br><span class="line">            &#125;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">let</span> url = <span class="built_in">window</span>.URL.createObjectURL(<span class="keyword">new</span> Blob([res.data]), &#123;</span><br><span class="line">              <span class="attr">type</span>: <span class="string">&#x27;multipary/form-data&#x27;</span></span><br><span class="line">            &#125;)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">let</span> link = <span class="built_in">document</span>.createElement(<span class="string">&#x27;a&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line">            link.style.display = <span class="string">&#x27;none&#x27;</span></span><br><span class="line">            link.href = url</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">let</span> filename = data.filename || <span class="string">`<span class="subst">$&#123;<span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="built_in">Date</span>() - <span class="number">0</span>&#125;</span>.xlsx`</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">try</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">              <span class="keyword">if</span> (res.headers[<span class="string">&#x27;filename&#x27;</span>]) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                filename = <span class="built_in">decodeURI</span>(res.headers[<span class="string">&#x27;filename&#x27;</span>]) || <span class="string">`<span class="subst">$&#123;<span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="built_in">Date</span>() - <span class="number">0</span>&#125;</span>.xlsx`</span></span><br><span class="line">              &#125;</span><br><span class="line">            &#125; <span class="keyword">catch</span> (e) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">              <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(e)</span><br><span class="line">            &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">            link.setAttribute(<span class="string">&#x27;download&#x27;</span>, filename)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="built_in">document</span>.body.appendChild(link)</span><br><span class="line">            link.click()</span><br><span class="line">            URL.revokeObjectURL(url.href)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="built_in">document</span>.body.removeChild(link)</span><br><span class="line">            resolve()</span><br><span class="line">          &#125;</span><br><span class="line">          reader.readAsText(res.data)</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">      &#125;)</span><br><span class="line">      .catch(<span class="function">(<span class="params">error</span>) =&gt;</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(error)</span><br><span class="line">        Message.error(&#123;</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="attr">message</span>: <span class="string">&#x27;download failed&#x27;</span>,</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="attr">duration</span>: <span class="number">2000</span></span><br><span class="line">        &#125;)</span><br><span class="line">      &#125;)</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<blockquote>
<p>注意：后端需要将响应头中的 Access-Control-Expose-Headers，设置 Content-Disposition，否则前端取不到 Content-Disposition 的值。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>本文不到之处欢迎指正，感谢~</p>
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